domingo, 9 de diciembre de 2012

LA BATALLA FINAL




LA BATALLA FINAL

Celebramos hoy la Batalla de Ayacucho, llevada a cabo un 9 de Diciembre de 1824, con lo cual termina la resistencia realista y el proceso de la independencia americana.

¿Cómo fué que Bolívar llegó con su generales al Perú y sella la independencia el 9 de Diciembre 1824 si Don José de San Martin proclamó la independencia el 28 de Julio de 1821? 

Una de las estrategias de Jose de San Martin fue tratar de ganarse a los criollos para neutralizar a los españoles sin mayor esfuerzo militar, la que lamentablemente fracasó. 

Con un Virrey La Serna y su general Canterac y otros, el ejército realista estaba intacto, fortalecido y robustecido en la sierra. San Martin necesitaba de un refuerzo militar, apunta el historiador peruano Antonio Zapata. No tenía esa fuerza militar para resistir en Perú ni encontró apoyo en Buenos Aires, tampoco Chile se lo podía dar. dice el historiador Rodolfo Terragno. 

Fue entonces que entendió la necesidad de aliarse con Bolivar, quien en opinión de Zapata acababa de ganar popularidad con la victoria militar en Pichincha , Ecuador. La historiadora peruana Maribel Barrantes recuerda que San Martin viajó entonces de Lima a Guayaquil para entrevistarse con Bolívar. Necesitaba su apoyo para terminar con el último vestigio de resistencia.

El encuentro, dicen los historiadores, fue cordial el 26 y 27 de Julio de 1822. Los dos libertadores, uno del sur y el otro del norte. Pero no llegaron a ponerse de acuerdo en hacer juntos una campaña militar. 

Varios Historiadores dicen -Terragno entre ellos- coinciden en que San Martin ofrece a Bolivar ser su segundo, cosa que éste no acepta. 
No había lugar para los dos en América. Nace aquello "dos soles no pueden brillar en un mismo firmamento".

Y es que, según los biógrafos eran dos personalidades totalmente opuestos. La visión tradicional dice que Bolivar era soberbio, ambicioso, características sicológicas que contrastaban con San Martin, un tipo modesto, sacrificó fortuna, honores, familia y salud y cede su protagonismo ante Bolívar. 

Un golpe muy fuerte. San Martin comprendió entonces que es un obstáculo para la unión de los ejército -sur y norte-, se retiró a Valparaíso después de entregar el cargo de Protector del Perú al Primer Congreso Constituyente 20 Septiembre de 1822 que él mismo convocó, un año después de la independencia. El Congreso lo honró con el titulo de Fundador de la Independencia del Perú. De este modo finalizó la vida pública de El Libertador.

La conclusión absoluta del dominio español, tendria lugar tres años más tarde, el 9 de Diciembre (un día como hoy) de 1824.

Comentario aparte, siguiendo fuentes históricas, San Martin no guardó rencor a Bolivar. En prueba de ello cuentan que en su cuarto a la hora de su muerte, en Bolougne Sur Mer, Francia, colgaban de la pared los cuadros de Bolivar y de Napoleón. Según la académica sanmartiniana Emilia Menotti, San Martin no tuvo un sentimiento condenatorio con respecto a Bolívar. 

Algunos historiadores recuerdan que Bolivar, que había nombrado dictador por el propio gobierno peruano, tuvo ordenes del Congreso Grancolombiano para que no siguiera dirigiendo tropas en Perú como presidente de Colombia. Por eso, despues de la victoria de Junin, el 6 de Agosto de 1824, le entregó el mando de la tropa a uno de sus generales Jose Antonio José de Sucre, que llevó a cabo, precisamente, la Batalla de Ayacucho moviendose por la sierra donde se movían las fuerzas de La Serna. 

De este modo, frente a frente estuvieron por el flanco peruano José Antonio José de Sucre, a quien Bolivar le acababa de entregar el poder militar. Y por el flanco realista, el mismo Virrey José de la Serna, jefe de las tropas hispano-peruanas teniendo como general a Canterac. 

En realidad, no era subestimable la fuerza de La Serna estimada en unos 15.000 hombres además -como se ha apuntado aquí- de estar fuertemente posicionada en la sierra. La Serna sentía que tenía segura la victoria, según los historiadores, pero el resultado final fue otro. 

Un estratega militar -que habla en un estudio de la Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena financiado por bancos colombianos- recordó que Valdez, hombre de Canterac por la parte realista, empezó el ataque para desorganizar a los patriotas. La Mar, general bajo las ordenes de Sucre, intentó contener el avance de los realistas, pero Valdez lo hizo retroceder. Entonces, Sucre le envió dos batallones de refuerzo. Monet, realista, para apoyar a Valdez bajó en desorden hasta la quebrada que colinda conel cerro Condorcanqui, llanura de Ayacucho. Monet se precipitó, dice el estratega, cosa que fue aprovechada por Lara, hombre fiel aBolívar. quien logró dispersar la gente de Monet. Finalmente, aprovechando este momento, Sucre lanzó a Córdova que con la frase "Adelante, paso de Vencedores", atacó a Villalobos, pieza clave de la fuerza del Virrey.

El enfrentamiento, que duró aproximadamente 1 hora, fue encarnizado, según varios historiadores. Murió una cuarta parte de los ejércitos de ambos bandos. El Virrey La Serna, que estuvo a punto de ser muerto por un criollo pero fue identificado por otro,

Las fuerzas realistas tuvieron 1400 bajas y 600 heridos, en tanto que los ejercitos al mando de Sucre, 300 muertos y 600 heridos. En total, casi 3000 hombres inutilizados.

En las fuerzas que sellaron la independencia del Perú estuvieron Colombianos, ecuatorianos, chilenos, bolivianos, argentinos, venezolanos, ingleses. 

De manera que es importante conocer y recordar los pasajes de la historia para amar más al Perú, crecer como Nación y entender -sin las distorsiones de políticos populistas- la importancia de la voluntad de integración de las tres Américas. 

Obviamente, ya no para hacer campañas militares, sino para integrarnos dentro de una cultura de paz como economías emergentes promoviendo el desarrollo economico, la inclusión social y la integración de los países de cara al Pacífico, nuestro futuro.

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